Describe two common types of inference you might be asked to make in listening or reading items?

• A. Inferring the exact dates of events
• B. Inferring the author’s favorite color
• C. Inference about intent or motive; inference about implied meaning beyond stated facts.
• D. Inferring the weather at the time of writing

Answer: (C)

In listening or reading items, you’re using clues to go beyond what is literally stated and figure out meaning from context.

Two common kinds of inference you’re asked to make are about intent or motive and about implied meaning beyond the stated facts. Inferring intent or motive means looking at actions, choices, and context to decide why someone did something or what they’re trying to achieve. For example, if a character repeatedly brushes off questions and changes the subject, you might infer discomfort or a hidden goal. Inferring implied meaning involves picking up tone, connotation, or hints the author provides that aren’t stated outright—like sensing a critical attitude, a theme, or an underlying mood from word choices and emphasis.

Other options don’t fit because they focus on exact facts (like pinning down specific dates) or trivia not supported by the text (such as the author’s favorite color or the weather at the time of writing). These require direct information rather than reading between the lines.